Chapter 1: Nutrition in Human Health

1. Dietary guidelines are intended to:
1. Apply to the food intake for a single day
2. Apply to items to be ingested for one meal
3. Apply to people who are ill
4. Aid in preventing chronic and degenerative diseases

Ans: 4
	Feedback	
1.	Dietary guidelines are intended to evaluate several days’ intake of food.	
2.	Dietary guidelines are intended to evaluate several days’ intake of food, not a single meal or the intake for 1 day. 	
3.	Dietary guidelines focus on healthy individuals aged 2 years and older.	
4.	Dietary guidelines, which focus on healthy individuals from age 2 years on, are also aimed at those at risk for chronic disease to encourage proper dietary habits to promote health and reduce the risk for major chronic diseases. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

2. After reviewing the concept of nutrients, a nursing student demonstrates the need for additional study if the student identifies which of the following as a class of nutrients?
1. Alcohol
2. Carbohydrate
3. Fat
4. Protein

Ans: 1
	Feedback	
1.	Alcohol is not considered a nutrient.	
2.	Carbohydrates are one of the six classes of nutrients. Other classes include fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.	
3.	Fat is one of the six classes of nutrients. Other classes include carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.	
4.	Protein is one of the six classes of nutrients. Other classes include carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Analysis

3. A chemical substance required by the body is called a(n):
1. Additive
2. Vitamin
3. Food
4. Phytochemical

Ans: 2
	Feedback	
1.	An additive, as the name implies, is a substance that is not normally present but added to a food.	
2.	Vitamins are nutrients, which are chemical substances required by the body.	
3.	Food is essential to life, but it is not considered a chemical substance.	
4	A phytochemical is a physiologically active substance from a plant source that can help promote health.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

4. A substance found in food that must be present in the diet because the human body lacks the ability to manufacture it in sufficient amounts for optimal health is called a(n): 
1. Phytochemical
2. Essential nutrient
3. Conditional nutrient
4. Nonessential nutrient

Ans: 2
	Feedback	
1.	A phytochemical is a physiologically active substance from a plant source that can help to promote health.	
2.	An essential nutrient is one that the human body requires but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts to meet the body’s needs. 	
3.	A conditionally essential nutrient is one that, under most circumstances, the healthy body can manufacture in sufficient quantities.	
4. 	A nonessential nutrient is one that is not needed in the diet because the body can make it from other substances.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

5. Which of the following statements by a client would indicate a need for nutritional instruction? 
1. “The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.”
2. “Nutrition can affect health positively or negatively.”
3. “Excessive intake of a nutrient can interfere with other nutrients.”
4. “Milk is the perfect food containing all essential nutrients.”

Ans: 4
	Feedback	
1.	The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 	
2.	Health is dependent on nutrition; the effect can be positive or negative.	
3.	If a person ingests too much of one nutrient, other nutrients can be affected. 	
4.	Milk is not the perfect food. It does not contain all of the essential nutrients that a person needs. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Analysis

6. Metabolism is best described as:
1. The sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in the body
2. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
3. Chemical substances needed for growth, maintenance, and repair
4. The acceleration and deceleration of body functions

Ans: 1
	Feedback	
1.	Metabolism is a term that refers to the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in the body. 	
2.	Health is a term that refers to a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being.	
3.	Nutrients are chemical substances supplied by food that the body needs for growth, maintenance, and repair. 	
4.	Metabolism does not refer to the acceleration and deceleration of body functions. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

7. Energy is obtained from:
1. Physical activity
2. Enzymes
3. Food
4. Hormones
Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1.	Energy is the capacity to do work. Physical activity requires energy; It does not supply it. 	
2.	Enzymes break down food and convert it to other forms. 	
3. 	Food supplies energy; all food enters the body as chemical energy, which is transformed by various body processes into other forms of energy.	
4. 	Hormones do not supply energy. Food is the energy source. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

8. One primary function of nutrients is to: 
1. Regulate body processes
2. Promote a sense of well-being
3. Maintain stability
4. Store body fat

Ans: 1
	Feedback	
1.	Nutrients perform one or more of the following functions: Serve as a source of energy or heat; support the growth and maintenance of tissue; aid in the regulation of basic body processes. 	
2.	Nutrients do no promote a sense of well-being. However, when ingested in the appropriate amounts, they provide a sense of being satisfied. 	
3.	Nutrients do not function primarily to maintain stability. 	
4.	Nutrients do no function primarily to store body fat. Eating too much food increases the fat content of the body because fat is stored for future use as energy. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

9. The MyPlate teaching tool can be used to:
1. Teach clients with any chronic disease
2. Provide recommendations for healthy food proportions
3. Estimate kilocalorie needs for clients with burns
4. Teach food safety

Ans: 2 
	Feedback	
1. 	The MyPlate tool does not address chronic disease. Rather, it aims to reduce risk for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases by helping individuals eat correct proportions of healthy foods meal by meal	
2. 	The MyPlate tool aims to reduce risk for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases by helping individuals eat correct proportions of healthy foods meal by meal.	
3. 	The MyPlate tool does not address kilocalorie needs. Rather, it aims to reduce risk for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases by helping individuals eat correct proportions of healthy foods meal by meal.	
4. 	The MyPlate tool does not address food safety. Rather, it aims to reduce risk for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases by helping individuals eat correct proportions of healthy foods meal by meal	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

10. Which of the following statements about malnutrition is true?
1. It can be avoided by finding the one perfect food.
2. It is associated with the consumption of a diet that is balanced, contains variety, and is eaten in moderation.
3. It may occur as a result of eating to excess.
4. It rarely occurs when an individual takes vitamin and mineral supplements.

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1. 	There is no one perfect food. Nutrients must be ingested in the proper quantities for optimal health. 	
2. 	Ingesting a balanced diet with variety and moderation would help promote optimal health and nutrition.	
3. 	Malnutrition (faulty nutrition) can be caused by inadequate or unbalanced intake of food or nutrients or to ineffective processing by the body due to malfunction or disease. The result in the body’s cells is an excess or deficiency of one or more nutrients, which can lead to physical abnormalities and possibly mental dysfunction.	
4. 	Ingesting too much or too little of a nutrient can lead to malnutrition. Using vitamin and mineral supplements may be beneficial, but ingesting too much could lead to malnutrition.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

11. Knowledge of body composition is important to the understanding of nutrition based on which of the following?
1. Ninety percent of the human body is of mineral content.
2. Body composition remains fairly constant with aging.
3. About 15% of the body is carbohydrate.
4. Nutrient intake can affect body composition, which, in turn, can affect health.

Ans: 4
	Feedback	
1. 	The body is composed primarily of water, not minerals.	
2. 	Males and females differ in body composition. Males have more protein than females because of increased muscle. With age, body composition typically becomes higher in fat and lower in protein.	
3. 	The human body has only minimal carbohydrate content.	
4. 	Nutrient intake can affect body composition, which in turn can affect health. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

12. Nutrition, in sum, can best be described as:
1. A preventive and therapeutic science
2. The study of the procurement and selection of food
3. The study of body composition
4. The use of diet for the treatment of disease

Ans: 1
	Feedback	
1. 	Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. Nutrition influences health positively and negatively.	
2. 	Nutrition involves the processes of taking in and utilizing nourishment. It is not the study of procuring and selecting food.	
	Nutrition affects body composition, but it is not the study of body composition.	
	Nutrition can be used to help treat disease, but nutrition does not focus only on the use of diet to treat disease. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

13. The primary responsibility for the daily health care, including nutritional care, of an institutionalized client falls on the:
1. Dietitian
2. Physician
3. Nurse
4. Occupational therapist

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1. 	Dietitians interpret the physician’s diet order in terms of clients’ food habits and food choices, calculate clients’ nutritional requirements, evaluate clients’ response to therapeutic diets, recommend the best route for nutrient administration (enteral or parenteral), and provide in-depth nutrition education and counseling to clients.	
2. 	Physicians are responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. They manage care, order laboratory tests, and prescribe medications and diets.	
3. 	Nurses are often the first team members to interview a client, and they communicate important nutritional information such as a client’s response to food, including intake and tolerance, to other team members. In addition, they identify and refer clients at high nutritional risk to other team members, and they provide some nutritional information to clients.	
4. 	Occupational therapists recommend strategies to assist clients with disabilities in attaining maximum functioning in activities of daily living; regarding nutrition, they may provide assistive feeding devices or help modify food preparation areas.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

14. Which of the following reflects a nutritional substance the human body can manufacture from other substances?
1. Phytochemical
2. Essential nutrient
3. Nonessential nutrient
4. Basic nutrient

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1. 	A phytochemical is a food containing other physiologically active substances derived from plants. 	
2. 	An essential nutrient is one that must be supplied by the diet or artificially because the body cannot manufacture sufficient amounts of it for health. 	
3. 	A nonessential nutrient is one that is not needed in the diet because the body can make it from other substances. 	
4. 	Basic nutrients are those that are supplied by food that the body needs and includes the six classes (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water).	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

15. The type of energy stored in foods is:
1. Mechanical
2. Electrical
3. Chemical
4. Thermal

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1. 	All food enters the body as chemical energy.	
2. 	All food enters the body as chemical energy.	
3. 	All food enters the body as chemical energy.	
4.	All food enters the body as chemical energy.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

16. After reviewing information about nutrients, which of the following, if stated by the nurse as an energy nutrient, indicates the need for more study?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins

Ans: 4
	Feedback	
1. 	Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the nutrients that supply energy, are referred to as the energy nutrients.	
2. 	Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the nutrients that supply energy, are referred to as the energy nutrients.	
3. 	Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the nutrients that supply energy, are referred to as the energy nutrients.	
4. 	Vitamins are not considered energy nutrients. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the nutrients that supply energy, are referred to as the energy nutrients.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Analysis

17. The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity, is the World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition of:
1. Satisfactory sanitation
2. Happiness
3. Health
4. Social welfare

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1. 	Satisfactory sanitation is not the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and is not the absence of disease or infirmity. According to the WHO, health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.	
2. 	Happiness is not the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity. According to the WHO, health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.	
3. 	According to the WHO, health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.	
4. 	Social welfare is not the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity. According to the WHO, health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

18. After reviewing information about the functions of nutrients, a nurse demonstrates a need for additional review when identifying which of the following as a life-sustaining function of nutrients?
1. Providing pleasure
2. Supplying energy
3. Supporting tissue growth and maintenance
4. Regulating basic body processes

Ans: 1
	Feedback	
1. 	Although consuming food can be pleasurable, all nutrients perform one or more of the following life-sustaining functions: serving as a source of energy or heat, supporting the growth and maintenance of tissue, and aiding in the regulation of basic body processes. 	
2. 	All nutrients perform one or more of the following life-sustaining functions: serving as a source of energy or heat, supporting the growth and maintenance of tissue, and aiding in the regulation of basic body processes.	
3. 	All nutrients perform one or more of the following life-sustaining functions: serving as a source of energy or heat, supporting the growth and maintenance of tissue, and aiding in the regulation of basic body processes.	
4. 	All nutrients perform one or more of the following life-sustaining functions: serving as a source of energy or heat, supporting the growth and maintenance of tissue, and aiding in the regulation of basic body processes.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Analysis

19. Phytochemicals are:
1. Essential nutrients
2. Nonnutrient food components with a health benefit
3. Energy nutrients
4. Vitamins 

Ans: 2
	Feedback	
1. 	Essential nutrients are those that must be supplied by the diet or
artificially because the body cannot manufacture sufficient amounts for health.	
2. 	Phytochemicals are physiologically active substances derived from plants that may provide a health benefit. 	
3. 	Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the nutrients that supply energy, are referred to as the energy nutrients.	
4. 	Vitamins are one class of nutrients; they are not phytochemicals. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

20. Food insecurity has been defined as:
1. Having too many food choices and making poor choices
2. Having limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods 
3. Being exclusively found in people with low incomes
4. Having very poor dental health

Ans: 2
	Feedback	
1. 	Food insecurity does not refer to having too many food choices and making poor choices.	
2. 	Food insecurity is the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or doubtful ability to acquire food, whether some of the time or always.	
3. 	Although food insecurity may be associated with poverty and low income, it has important implications for the health and nutrition of individuals and nations.	
4. 	Food insecurity does not refer to having poor dental health. Food insecurity is the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or doubtful ability to acquire food, whether some of the time or always	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Knowledge

21. The member of the health-care team who is responsible for interpreting the physician’s diet order in terms of the client’s food habits and food choices, calculating the client’s nutritional needs, evaluating the client’s response to the therapeutic diet, and providing nutrition education and counseling for clients is the:
1. Registered dietitian
2. Dietetic technician
3. Occupational therapist
4. Speech pathologist

Ans: 1
	Feedback	
1. 	Dietitians interpret the physician’s diet order in terms of clients’ food habits and food choices, calculate clients’ nutritional requirements, evaluate clients’ response to therapeutic diets, recommend the best route for nutrient administration (enteral or parenteral), and provide in-depth nutrition education and counseling to clients.	
2. 	Dietetic technicians assist dietitians by taking nutrition histories and body measurements, reviewing records, and monitoring clients’ food intake. They are often responsible for screening clients for nutritional risk and referring clients at risk to the registered dietitian.	
3. 	Occupational therapists recommend strategies to assist clients with disabilities in attaining maximum functioning in activities of daily living; regarding nutrition, they may provide assistive feeding devices or help modify food preparation areas.	
4. 	Speech pathologists diagnose and treat swallowing disorders along with other nonnutrition-related disorders. Diagnosis involves determining the type of dysphagia the client manifests. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

22. Which member of the health-care team feeds clients, monitors food consumption, measures intake and output, and records data?
1. Registered dietitian
2. Dietetic technician
3. Licensed practical or vocational nurse
4. Medical assistant

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1. 	Registered dietitians (RDs) are responsible for meeting clients’ nutritional needs. Dietitians interpret the physician’s diet order in terms of clients’ food habits and food choices, calculate clients’ nutritional requirements, evaluate clients’ response to therapeutic diets, recommend the best route for nutrient administration (enteral or parenteral), and provide in-depth nutrition education and counseling to clients.	
2. 	Dietetic technicians assist dietitians by taking nutrition histories and body measurements, reviewing records, and monitoring clients’ food intake. They are often responsible for screening clients for nutritional risk and referring clients at risk to the registered dietitian.	
3. 	Licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurses (LPNs/LVNs), supervised by RNs, feed clients, monitor food consumption, measure intake and output, and record data.	
4. 	Medical assistants are responsible for taking vital signs and measuring a client’s height and weight. When this information is not available, a complete nutritional assessment is not possible.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Nursing Process | Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care | Cognitive Level: Comprehension

23. After teaching a client about diet and the qualities of a good diet, which of the following if stated by the client as a quality indicates the need for more teaching?
1. Balance
2. Variety
3. Moderation
4. Favorites

Ans: 4
	Feedback	
1. 	Ideally, a person should consume a diet marked by balance, moderation, and variety.	
2. 	Ideally, a person should consume a diet marked by balance, moderation, and variety.	
3. 	Ideally, a person should consume a diet marked by balance, moderation, and variety.	
4. 	Ideally, a person should consume a diet marked by balance, moderation, and variety. A person should select many different foods rather than always eating one’s favorites.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Analysis

24. After teaching a client about the latest dietary guidelines, the nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when the client states that an intake of which of the following should be reduced? 
1. Sodium
2. Monounsaturated fats
3. Refined grains
4. Trans fatty acids

Ans: 2
	Feedback	
1. 	According to the latest dietary guidelines, individuals should reduce daily sodium intake to less than 2300 mg and further reduce intake to 1500 mg for persons aged 51 and older and those of any age who are African American or have hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. 	
2. 	Individuals are encouraged to replace saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 	
3. 	Guidelines recommend limiting the consumption of foods that contain refined grains.	
4. 	The guidelines recommend keeping trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible by limiting foods that contain synthetic sources. 	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort | Cognitive Level: Analysis

25. The nurse is assessing a client for subjective findings reflecting nutritional status. Which of the following would the nurse identify? 
1. Height of 5'5"
2. Skin dry and flaking
3. Allergy to eggs
4. Coarse, dry hair

Ans: 3
	Feedback	
1.	Height would be an objective finding.	
2. 	Dry flaking skin would be an objective finding.	
3. 	Allergy to eggs would be reported and thus a subjective finding.	
4. 	Coarse, dry hair would be an objective finding.	
KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning | Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance | Cognitive Level: Application