Chapter 01: Introduction to Imaging and Radiologic Sciences
Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 6th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	The use of x-rays to create a medical image on patients is referred to as
a.	electrocardiography.	
b.	radiography.	
c.	sonography.	
d.	magnetic resonance imaging.	

ANS:	B
Radiography is the making of records of internal structures of the body by passage of x-rays or gamma rays through the body. These records or images are typically referred to as radiographs.

REF:	p. 4

	2.	Particular care must be taken when using radiation for medical imaging. This is the result of radiation’s ability to create __________ in human tissue and possible biochemical changes.
a.	ionizations	
b.	radio waves	
c.	sound waves	
d.	thermal changes	

ANS:	A
Some forms of electromagnetic energy, including x-rays, have the ability to ionize atoms in matter. These ionizations have the ability to disrupt the composition of matter and are capable of disrupting life processes. Special protection should be provided to prevent excessive exposure to ionizing radiation.

REF:	p. 3

	3.	In the diagnosis of patient disease states, physicians can select from an array of medical diagnostic modalities. A few of these involve the use of ionizing energy to create a medical image. If a physician is concerned about the use of ionizing radiation, he or she may choose to order any of the following diagnostic modalities EXCEPT
a.	thermograms.	
b.	medical sonography.	
c.	radiography.	
d.	magnetic resonance imaging.	

ANS:	C
Radiography involves the use of x-rays for the production of medical images. Medical procedures such as thermograms, sonograms, and magnetic resonance scans use nonionizing energy forms and consequently do not produce ionizations in human tissue. They are regarded as nonionizing modalities for imaging and offer excellent alternatives to physicians concerned about radiation exposure to patients.

REF:	pp. 3-4

	4.	The Greek physician Hippocrates is regarded as the father of Western medicine. All of the following choices represent his medical beliefs EXCEPT the
a.	use of high ethical standards of conduct.	
b.	important medical value of sorcery and witchcraft.	
c.	importance of closely monitoring a patient’s condition and recovery.	
d.	value of diet and exercise and allowing nature to take its course in recovery.	

ANS:	B
The Hippocratic Corpus is writings that they emphasize rational and natural explanations for the treatment of disease and reject sorcery and magic. The Hippocratic oath still governs the ethical conduct of physicians today.

REF:	p. 5

	5.	Throughout the history of medicine, remarkable achievements have been recorded. These events have led to our current understanding of the human organism and disease. As this research continues, much of it will most likely focus on
a.	proper sanitation and public health.	
b.	immunology and the development of vaccines.	
c.	germ theory and infection.	
d.	human genes and genetic engineering.	

ANS:	D
Although the Human Genome Project is finished, analyses of the data will continue for many years. The replacement of faulty genes through gene therapy offers promises of cures for a variety of hereditary diseases, and through genetic engineering, important pharmaceuticals continue to be developed. Medical research will continue to focus on the genetic code in all cells.

REF:	p. 6

	6.	Wilhelm C. Roentgen’s discovery of “the x-ray” is regarded as one of medicine’s most significant achievements. Although his discovery was accidental, his early research was so thorough that no significant findings have been added to his original theories. This in itself is a true tribute to the brilliance of Roentgen as a scientist. One of the most famous early images he created was an x-ray image of his
a.	colon.	
b.	laboratory assistant’s foot.	
c.	wife’s hand.	
d.	kidneys.	

ANS:	C
November 8, 1895, is believed by historians to be the day that Roentgen created the famous image of the hand of his wife. Through his investigative methods, Roentgen identified the properties of x-rays.

REF:	p. 6

	7.	A valuable x-ray procedure used to diagnose a myocardial infarction is
a.	mammography.	
b.	myelography.	
c.	arthrography.	
d.	coronary arteriography.	

ANS:	D
Coronary arteriography is an extremely valuable tool in diagnosing atherosclerosis, which can block the coronary arteries and cause a heart attack (myocardial infarction). By way of a special catheter with a balloon tip, effective treatment of atherosclerosis is possible. This treatment of a blocked blood vessel is termed angioplasty. Angioplasty is used to treat patients without having to use invasive open-heart surgery.

REF:	p. 8

	8.	All of the following are true of the diagnostic procedure of mammography EXCEPT
a.	it is very valuable for the detection of early breast cancers.	
b.	the procedures may be performed using a general radiographic machine.	
c.	radiographers need to be specially trained in order to perform mammography.	
d.	radiographers must be certified by the ARRT to qualify for the mammography examination.	

ANS:	B
Special breast imaging centers have been built to accommodate the demand for mammography procedures. Equipment and supplies, such as a specially designed x-ray tube and high-resolution digital imaging detectors, are used to create high-quality breast images. Mammography cannot be performed using general x-ray equipment.

REF:	p. 8

	9.	To study the blood vessels of the brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs, contrast material is administered into these vessels by using
a.	catheters.	
b.	stents.	
c.	balloons.	
d.	none of the above.	

ANS:	A
Angiography is the term for radiologic examination of the blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. Most often, the contrast material is injected through a catheter, which can be directed to a variety of major arteries or veins for visualization of these structures.

REF:	p. 8

	10.	Radiologic science continues to be one of the most exciting professions in medicine. An imaging modality that uses no ionizing radiation and the energy of radio waves and magnetic fields is
a.	nuclear imaging.	
b.	thermography.	
c.	CVIT.	
d.	MRI.	

ANS:	D
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves along with a computer to generate sectional images of patient anatomy. MRI creates no ionizations at current energy levels and is regarded as safe modality, particularly for pediatric and pregnant patients.

REF:	p. 11

	11.	A physician who specializes in the interpretation of medical images is known as a
a.	radiographer.	
b.	radiologist.	
c.	radiologic technologist.	
d.	radiologist assistant.	

ANS:	B
Becoming a radiologist is a long and intensive course of study after high school. After becoming qualified as a physician, many doctors go on to learn the complex field of radiology and specialize in the interpretation of diagnostic medical images.

REF:	pp. 12-13

	12.	A class of health care workers who specialize in carrying out treatments designed to improve a patient’s health condition and quality of life and who likely possess a 2- or 4-year degree are known as
a.	technicians.	
b.	therapists.	
c.	technologists.	
d.	practitioners.	

ANS:	B
Therapists specialize in carrying out treatments designed to correct or improve the function of a particular body part or system. Therapists possess varied levels of educational experiences ranging from 2- to 4-year to graduate college degrees.

REF:	p. 12

	13.	To become a board-certified radiologist, the traditional course of study would follow what educational sequence after high school?
a.	Residency, baccalaureate degree, medical school	
b.	Residency, medical school, baccalaureate degree	
c.	Baccalaureate degree, residency, medical school	
d.	Baccalaureate degree, medical school, residency	

ANS:	D
After high school students, interested in becoming physicians must complete a 4-year premed course of study and then get into a medical school. After medical school, most MDs and DOs complete additional clinical experience, known as a residency, in an area of specialization. Residencies are usually 3 or 4 years long. Some radiologists continue on to complete further specialization known as a fellowship.

REF:	pp. 12-13

	14.	The health occupation that deals with the management of patient medical records and medical coding is
a.	dietetics.	
b.	osteopathy.	
c.	health information services.	
d.	medical records therapist.	

ANS:	C
Health information services involve careers that are responsible for the management of health information, such as that contained the patients’ health records. Health information technologists are involved in the coding of patient conditions. These codes are used to determine the amount of money a facility is reimbursed for providing care to a patient.

REF:	p. 14

	15.	All of the following are typical members of the radiology team EXCEPT
a.	radiology nurse.	
b.	biomedical engineer.	
c.	radiologic technologist.	
d.	radiologist.	

ANS:	B
The health care team includes  a wide array of specialists. Radiologic technologists work as a part of the health care team and interact with many of the other health care members on a regular basis. These other members are employed in such health services as medicine and osteopathy; nursing; and the other health careers that encompass many of the diagnostic services, therapeutic services, and health information services.

REF:	pp. 12-14

	16.	The medical imaging specialty of _______ uses radiopharmaceuticals and gamma radiation in the production of medical images for patient diagnosis.
a.	radiation oncology	
b.	MRI	
c.	sonography	
d.	nuclear medicine	

ANS:	D
The field of nuclear medicine involves procedures that use radioactive materials for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Nuclear medicine procedures usually involve the imaging of a patient’s organs—such as the liver, heart, or brain—after the introduction of a radioactive material known as a radiopharmaceutical.

REF:	pp. 9-10

	17.	The current medical standard for measuring bone health with a high degree of accuracy is
a.	radiographs of the chest.	
b.	DEXA studies of the hip and lower spine.	
c.	sonography of the heel.	
d.	nuclear scans of the bones.	

ANS:	B
Bone densitometry (BD) is used to diagnose osteoporosis, a condition that is often recognized in menopausal women but can also occur in men. To detect osteoporosis accurately, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) is used. DEXA BD is the current standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD).

REF:	p. 10

	18.	Many medical professions have developed “practice standards” to ensure optimum performance of their members. The radiography “practice standards” are developed and maintained by the
a.	American Medical Association (AMA).	
b.	American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT).	
c.	American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT).	
d.	Food and Drug Administration (FDA).	

ANS:	B
Clinical practice standards for radiography have been developed by the ASRT. These practice standards help define the role of the radiographer and establish criteria used to judge performance.

REF:	p. 8

	19.	The education of radiographers involves the commitment and dedication of many people. All of the following may be directly involved with and responsible for your education as a radiographer EXCEPT the
a.	program director.	
b.	clinical coordinator or clinical instructor.	
c.	medical equipment applications specialist.	
d.	didactic faculty member.	

ANS:	C
Applications personnel from various medical imaging companies are not responsible for the direct teaching of you as a radiographer. They are used to teach users the correct methods for using their various products. Program directors, clinical instructors, and coordinators have direct responsibility for teaching the fundamentals and principles of radiography in preparation for a certification examination.

REF:	p. 12

	20.	To become a qualified radiologist assistant (RA), you
1.   must complete a recognized RA educational course of study.
2.   must successfully pass the national examination for nursing (NCLEX).
3.   need to be certified in radiography by the ARRT.
4.   must successfully complete the radiologist assistant examination offered by the ARRT.
5.   need to become a member of a local professional group of radiologic technologists.
a.	2, 4, and 5 only	
b.	1, 3, 4, and 5 only	
c.	1, 3, and 4 only	
d.	1 and 4 only	

ANS:	C
An RA is an advanced-level radiographer who extends the capacity of the radiologist in the diagnostic imaging environment, thereby enhancing patient care. Individuals need to be ARRT certified in radiography and meet the educational, ethics, and examination standards established by the ARRT. Additionally, the radiologist assistant is an ARRT-certified radiographer who has completed an advanced academic program encompassing a nationally recognized radiologist assistant curriculum and a radiologist-directed clinical preceptorship.

REF:	p. 9