Chapter 01

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____	1.	What type of research is defined as a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring connections, with the purpose of improving individual and public health?
a.	Basic research	c.	Qualitative research	
b.	Clinical research	d.	Evidence-based practice	

____	2.	Another name for clinical research is?
a.	Applied research	c.	Evidence-based practice	
b.	Basic research	d.	Animal studies	

____	3.	Qualitative research is based on which of the following?
a.	Social constructivism	
b.	Logical positivism	
c.	The scientific method	
d.	Measurement under standardized conditions	

____	4.	The National Institutes of Health (NIH) definition of clinical research includes all of the following EXCEPT?
a.	Patient-oriented research	c.	Epidemiological studies	
b.	Health services research	d.	Bench research	

____	5.	The first step of the scientific method is?
a.	Designing the study	c.	Implementing the study	
b.	Analyzing the data	d.	Identifying the research question	

____	6.	Evidence-based practice relates to which steps of the research process?
a.	identification of the research question and design of the study	
b.	design of the study and implementation of the study	
c.	implementation of the study and analysis of the data	
d.	dissemination of the findings and identification of the research question	

____	7.	From a research perspective, one can describe the relationship between impairments in body functions and activity limitations as?
a.	Perfect	
b.	Partial	
c.	Absent	
d.	Not dependent of the health condition and contextual factors	

____	8.	Members of different professions working together in an integrative fashion is considered what type of research?
a.	Intraprofessional	c.	Multiprofessional	
b.	Interprofessional	d.	Transprofessional

____	9.	Which of the following study designs is primarily considered an example of exploratory research?
a.	Cohort studies	c.	Descriptive surveys	
b.	Randomized controlled trials	d.	Normative research	

____	10.	Pragmatic clinical trials are classified as which of the following types of research?
a.	Descriptive research	c.	Exploratory research	
b.	Explanatory research	d.	Methodological research	

Chapter 01
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	ANS:	B
Rationale: Clinical research is a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring connections. The purpose of clinical research is related to improving individual and population health.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	1

	2.	ANS:	A
Rationale: Clinical research is also known as applied research as it has an application to clinical practice. Basic research and animal studies primarily focus on the study of theories and mechanisms of disease and treatment. Evidence-based practice utilizes clinical research but is not a form of research.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	1

	3.	ANS:	A
Rationale: Social constructivism is focused on the belief that all reality is fundamentally social, and therefore the only way to understand it is through an individual’s experience. Qualitative research focuses on the investigation of these socially constructed realities through immersion, interviews and observation.

DIF:	[Difficulty level]		OBJ:	2

	4.	ANS:	D
Rationale: Bench research is also known as basic or preclinical research and includes research focused on theories and understanding mechanism of disease or treatment. The three-part definition of clinical research from the NIH includes patient-oriented research, epidemiological and behavioral studies, and outcomes research and health sciences research.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	1

	5.	ANS:	D
Rationale: The research question needs to be identified through a review of the literature to provide a rationale of the study to justify why the study needs to be conducted prior to data collection. The other steps follow the development of the research question.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	3

	6.	ANS:	D
Rationale: Evidence-based practice relates to the use of best evidence along with clinical expertise and patient values in making clinical decisions. Therefore, evidence-based practice utilizes research findings which have been disseminated. Utilization of evidence in practice can also relate to the development of new research questions. The design of the study, implementation of the study and analysis of the data are important steps in conducting research studies.

DIF:	Moderate	OBJ:	3, 4

	7.	ANS:	B
Rationale: A relationship between impairments and activity limitations exists; however, it is often much less than 100% and is not always a straight line. The strength of the relationship will depend on the health condition, as well as personal and environmental factors.

DIF:	Moderate	OBJ:	5

	8.	ANS:	B
Rationale: Interprofessional research has persons from different professions working together in an integrative fashion. Multiprofessional research also incorporates persons from different professions but their work is generally in parallel where each group stays in their own boundaries and works separately on distinct aspects of the project. Transprofessional research sees a blurring boundary where one professional may take on the role of a different profession. Intraprofessional research only incorporates members of one profession.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	6

	9.	ANS:	A
Rationale: Exploratory research is observational in nature and is not used to demonstrate cause and effect. A cohort study follows a group of participants over time and observes the occurrence of different outcomes. Surveys and normative studies attempt to describe characteristics of a population, whereas randomized trials are explanatory or experimental in nature. Randomized trials attempt to control extraneous variables in order to demonstrate cause and effect.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	7

	10.	ANS:	B
Rationale: Pragmatic trials can be used to demonstrate cause and effect in real world situations. They are used to demonstrate effectiveness and there is less control as in a randomized trial.

DIF:	Easy	OBJ:	7