Chapter 1: Development and Structure of Cells and Tissues
Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Mitochondria produce which chemical for intracellular energy?
a.	ADP	
b.	ATP	
c.	RNA	
d.	DNA	

ANS:	B

	Feedback	
A	Mitochondria generate energy through ATP, not ADP, production.	
B	Correct. Mitochondria produce energy via ATP.	
C	Mitochondria generate energy through ATP, not RNA, production.	
D	Mitochondria generate energy through ATP, not DNA, production.	

REF:	Cell Cytoplasm, page 3	OBJ:	1

	2.	Each tissue originates from mesoderm, except one. What is the exception?
a.	Bone	
b.	Liver	
c.	Blood	
d.	Muscle	

ANS:	B

	Feedback	
A	Bone tissue develops from mesodermal cells.	
B	Correct. Liver tissue is produced by endodermal cells.	
C	Blood develops from mesodermal cells.	
D	Muscle tissue develops from mesodermal cells.	

REF:	Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk, page 7
OBJ:	2

	3.	Which chemical is called the second messenger?
a.	aDNA	
b.	mRNA	
c.	dGMP	
d.	cAMP	

ANS:	D

	Feedback	
A	cAMP is the second messenger; aDNA is not.	
B	cAMP is the second messenger; mRNA is not.	
C	cAMP is the second messenger; dGMP is not.	
D	Correct. cAMP transmits information to the intracellular organelles when activated by surface receptors on the plasma membrane.	

REF:	Cell Cytoplasm, page 3	OBJ:	2

	4.	Which cellular component facilitates protein synthesis?
a.	Ribosomes	
b.	Lysosomes	
c.	Mitochondria	
d.	Plasmalemma	

ANS:	A

	Feedback	
A	Correct. Ribosomes synthesize protein.	
B	Lysosomes facilitate the breakdown of intracellular and extracellular substances.	
C	Mitochondria generate energy.	
D	The plasmalemma provides a protective barrier and regulates the transport of substances to and from the cell.	

REF:	Cell Cytoplasm, page 2	OBJ:	1

	5.	Which organelle produces microtubules?
a.	Nucleus	
b.	Centriole	
c.	Golgi apparatus	
d.	Endoplasmic reticulum	

ANS:	B

	Feedback	
A	Centrioles generate microtubules; the nucleus does not.	
B	Correct. Centrioles produce microtubules.	
C	Centrioles generate microtubules; the Golgi apparatus does not.	
D	Centrioles generate microtubules; the endoplasmic reticulum does not.	

REF:	Cell Cytoplasm, page 3	OBJ:	1

	6.	Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized as the initial resting stage?
a.	S phase	
b.	G1 phase	
c.	G2 phase	
d.	Prophase	

ANS:	B

	Feedback	
A	The S phase is characterized as the stage in which DNA synthesis is complete.	
B	Correct. The G1 phase is the initial resting stage.	
C	The G2 phase is characterized by post-DNA duplication.	
D	Prophase is characterized by four specific structural changes.	

REF:	Cell Cycle, page 4		OBJ:	1

	7.	Posttranslational modifications to proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum are accomplished by __________.
a.	mitochondria	
b.	Golgi apparatus	
c.	messenger RNA	
d.	smooth endoplasmic reticulum	

ANS:	B

	Feedback	
A	The Golgi apparatus is responsible for posttranslational alterations; mitochondria are not.	
B	Correct. The Golgi apparatus makes alterations to proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.	
C	The Golgi apparatus is responsible for posttranslational alterations; mRNA is not.	
D	The Golgi apparatus is responsible for posttranslational alterations; the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not.	

REF:	Cell Cytoplasm, page 2	OBJ:	1

	8.	The _______ provides an ideal environment for the implantation and growth of the embryo.
a.	ovary	
b.	uterine tube	
c.	myometrium	
d.	endometrium	

ANS:	D

	Feedback	
A	The ovary is the female reproductive organ, in which the ova or eggs are produced.	
B	The uterine tube conducts the egg from the ovary to the uterus.	
C	The myometrium is the smooth muscle that lines the uterus.	
D	Correct. The endometrium provides the ovum with the nourishment necessary for implantation and growth.	

REF:	Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk, page 7
OBJ:	2

	9.	Intercalated disks are present in which type of muscle?
a.	Cardiac	
b.	Smooth	
c.	Skeletal	
d.	Voluntary	

ANS:	A

	Feedback	
A	Correct. Cardiac is the only type of muscle tissue with intercalated disks.	
B	Intercalated disks are not present in smooth muscle.	
C	Intercalated disks are not present in skeletal muscle.	
D	Intercalated disks facilitate the involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle.	

REF:	Cardiovascular System, page 15	OBJ:	3

	10.	Developmental abnormalities are not associated with which number of chromosomes?
a.	44	
b.	45	
c.	46	
d.	47	

ANS:	C

	Feedback	
A	Developmental abnormalities are associated with less than the normal number of chromosomes (46).	
B	Developmental abnormalities are associated with less than the normal number of chromosomes (46).	
C	Correct. The normal human cell has 46 total chromosomes.	
D	Developmental abnormalities are associated with more than the normal number of chromosomes (46).	

REF:	Developmental Abnormalities, page 17		OBJ:	3

	11.	Which best describes diapedesis?
a.	Programmed cell death and fragmentation	
b.	A protective mechanism in the immunologic defense of the body	
c.	The development of a cartilage disk in the neck of each long bone	
d.	The migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells to the site of infection	

ANS:	D

	Feedback	
A	Apoptosis is cell death and fragmentation into membrane-bound particles.	
B	The lymphatic system is an immunologic defense mechanism.	
C	The epiphyseal plate is a developmental disk of cartilage.	
D	Correct. Diapedesis is a process whereby leukocytes migrate between endothelial cells to the site of infection.	

REF:	Blood and Lymphatic Tissue, page 12		OBJ:	3

	12.	T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages are produced in the _________.
a.	spleen	
b.	cerebellum	
c.	lymph nodes	
d.	bone marrow	

ANS:	D

	Feedback	
A	Immune system cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages) are produced in the bone marrow, not the spleen.	
B	Immune system cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages) are produced in the bone marrow, not the cerebellum.	
C	Immune system cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages) are produced in the bone marrow, not the lymph nodes.	
D	Correct. Bone marrow is the site of formation for T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages.	

REF:	Blood and Lymphatic Tissue, page 12		OBJ:	3

TRUE/FALSE

	1.	The ovum contains twice as many chromosomes as its parent cell.

ANS:	F	REF:	Cell Cycle, page 4		OBJ:	1

	2.	The cell may contain more than one nucleolus.

ANS:	T	REF:	Cell Nucleus, page 2		OBJ:	1

	3.	The information in mRNA is translated by ribosomes located on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

ANS:	T	REF:	Cell Cytoplasm, page 2	OBJ:	1

	4.	Spindles present during mitosis are attached to centromeres.

ANS:	F	REF:	Mitosis, page 4		OBJ:	1

	5.	DNA replication takes place during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

ANS:	F	REF:	Cell Cycle, page 4		OBJ:	1

	6.	Fertilization takes place in the distal part of the uterine tube.

ANS:	T	
REF:	Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk, page 7
OBJ:	2

	7.	Endoderm and ectoderm are the first two germ layers to develop.

ANS:	T	
REF:	Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk, page 7
OBJ:	2

	8.	Melanocytes are responsible for skin pigment.

ANS:	T	REF:	Epithelial Tissue, page 10	OBJ:	1

	9.	The embryonic skeleton first forms as bone.

ANS:	F	REF:	Cartilage and Bone, page 12	OBJ:	2

	10.	The umbilical system carries oxygenated blood.

ANS:	T	REF:	Cardiovascular System, page 15	OBJ:	3

	11.	The foramen ovale closes during the third week of prenatal life.

ANS:	F	REF:	Cardiovascular System, page 15	OBJ:	3

	12.	Before the development of the vascular system, the vitelline system provides nutrients to the embryo.

ANS:	T	REF:	Cardiovascular System, page 15	OBJ:	3

	13.	Smooth muscle is consciously controlled.

ANS:	F	REF:	Muscle, page 15		OBJ:	3

	14.	The cardiovascular system originates from chondroblasts.

ANS:	F	REF:	Cardiovascular System, page 15	OBJ:	3

	15.	Tissues are most susceptible to teratogens during the proliferative period.

ANS:	F	REF:	Developmental Abnormalities, page 17	
OBJ:	3

	16.	The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria of the heart.

ANS:	T	REF:	Cardiovascular System, page 15	OBJ:	3

COMPLETION

	1.	___________ __________appear in the third prenatal week as the first sign of shape change in the embryo’s body.

ANS:	Neural folds

REF:	Nervous System, Brain and Spinal Cord, page 11	OBJ:	2

	2.	Myotome produces ___________ tissue.

ANS:	muscle

REF:	Muscle, page 15		OBJ:	2

	3.	___________bone formation occurs directly through a tight matrix of collagen fibers, which slowly calcify into bone.

ANS:	Intramembranous

REF:	Cartilage and Bone, page 14	OBJ:	3

	4.	Blood cells begin to form in the __________ __________ at  weeks of development.

ANS:	yolk sac

REF:	Figure 1.24, page 15		OBJ:	2

SHORT ANSWER

	1.	Name three adult structures that are derived from ectoderm.

ANS:	
Students should answer with three of the following: tooth enamel, nails, hair, nervous system, mammary and cutaneous glands, epithelium of sinuses, epithelium of oral and nasal cavities, epithelium of intraoral glands, sensory epithelium of eye or sensory epithelium of ear.

REF:	Figure 1.13, page 10		OBJ:	2

	2.	Name two hormones produced by the placenta.

ANS:	
Students should answer with two of the following: estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, placental growth factor, human placental lactogen, and lactogenic hormone.

REF:	Clinical Comment, page 17	OBJ:	3