Hagen: Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 7th Edition

Chapter 01: Foundations of Sonography

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.	Historically, the development of ultrasound began shortly after:
a.	Radio communication in World War I	
b.	Sonar in World War II	
c.	Nuclear testing in World War II	
d.	The launching of Sputnik	

ANS:	B
World War II brought sonar equipment to the forefront for defense purposes. Ultrasound was influenced by the success of sonar equipment.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 5	
OBJ:	Detail a timeline for pioneers in the advancement of medical diagnostic ultrasound.
TOP:	History of ultrasound	

2.	The early applications of obstetric ultrasound were initiated by:
a.	Joseph Holmes	
b.	Ian Donald	
c.	John Howry	
d.	William Fry	

ANS:	B
The early obstetric compound scanner was built by Tom Brown and Dr. Ian Donald in Scotland in 1957.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 6	
OBJ:	Detail a timeline for pioneers in the advancement of medical diagnostic ultrasound.
TOP:	History of ultrasound	

3.	Visualization of the cardiac structures in the heart was discovered by:
a.	Joseph Holmes	
b.	Ian Donald	
c.	Hertz and Edler	
d.	George Ludwig	

ANS:	C
In 1954, echocardiographic techniques were developed in Sweden by Drs. C.H. Hertz and I. Edler.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 6	
OBJ:	Detail a timeline for pioneers in the advancement of medical diagnostic ultrasound.
TOP:	History of ultrasound	

4.	Which one of the following statements about the role of sonographers is false?
a.	Sonographers perform ultrasound studies and gather diagnostic data independent of the physician.	
b.	Sonographers must possess intellectual curiosity and perseverance.	
c.	Sonographers must have a technical aptitude.	
d.	Sonographers must be able to communicate on different levels.	

ANS:	A
A sonographer performs ultrasound studies gathering diagnostic data under both the direct and the indirect supervision of a physician. They also must assess clinical history and symptoms, interpret laboratory values, and understand other diagnostic examinations.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 3	
OBJ:	Describe a career in ultrasound.
TOP:	Role of the sonographer

5.	In soft tissues, the assumed propagation velocity is (in meters per second):
a.	1320	
b.	1450	
c.	1540	
d.	1650	

ANS:	C
In soft tissues, the assumed propagation velocity (speed) is 1540 meters per second.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 8	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

6.	Diagnostic ultrasound uses the frequencies of:
a.	10 to 15 kHz	
b.	1 to 20 kHz	
c.	100 to 1000 Hz	
d.	1 to 20 MHz	

ANS:	D
Diagnostic application of ultrasound uses frequencies 1 to 20 million cycles per second (1 to 20 MHz).

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 7	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

7.	Which one of the following correctly defines dynamic range?
a.	Field farthest from the transducer during formation of the sound beam	
b.	Ratio of the largest to the smallest signals that an instrument can respond to without distortion	
c.	Minimum distance between two structures positioned along the axis of the sound beam	
d.	Measure of the strength of the ultrasound signal	

ANS:	B
Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest to the smallest signals that an instrument or component of an instrument can respond to without distortion.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 17	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

8.	The device that converts energy from one form to another is called the:
a.	Digitizer	
b.	Transducer	
c.	Scan converter	
d.	Beam former	

ANS:	B
Piezoelectric elements (transducers) convert electric energy into ultrasound energy and vice versa.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 11	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

9.	The _____ is the product of the velocity of sound in a medium and the density of that medium.
a.	Acoustic impedance	
b.	Sound reflection	
c.	Angle of reflection	
d.	Piezoelectric effect	

ANS:	A
The acoustic impedance is equal to the density multiplied by the sound propagation speed.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 9	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

10.	The angle of reflection is equal to the:
a.	Acoustic impedance	
b.	Angle of incidence	
c.	Refraction	
d.	Image resolution	

ANS:	B
Angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 5	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

11.	The best transducer to image the thyroid gland is:
a.	Curved array, 3 MHz	
b.	Linear array, 5 MHz	
c.	Sector array, 4 MHz	
d.	Linear array, 3 MHz	

ANS:	B
High-frequency linear array transducers are generally used for smaller structures.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 12	
OBJ:	Identify ultrasound instruments and discuss their uses.	
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

12.	The display mode that shows time along the horizontal axis and depth along the vertical axis is:
a.	A mode	
b.	B mode	
c.	M mode	
d.	Real time	

ANS:	C
Motion mode (M mode) displays the depth along the vertical axis versus the time along the horizontal axis.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 14	
OBJ:	Identify ultrasound instruments and discuss their uses.	
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

13.	Which one of the following statements about the Doppler principle is false?
a.	Doppler refers to a change in frequency in which the motion of laminar flow is detected within a vascular structure.	
b.	The beam should be perpendicular to the flow.	
c.	The Doppler shift is directly proportional to the velocity of the red cell.	
d.	If the cell moves away from the transducer, then the fall in frequency is directly proportional to the velocity and direction of the red blood cell movement.	

ANS:	B
The beam should be parallel to the flow to obtain the maximum velocity. The frequency of the Doppler shift is proportional to the cosine of the Doppler angle. At a 90-degree angle (perpendicular to flow), the Doppler shift is zero, regardless of the flow velocity.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 17	
OBJ:	Discuss three-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

14.	The Fresnel zone is also called the:
a.	Far field	
b.	Focal point	
c.	Near zone	
d.	Nyquist limit	

ANS:	C
The Fresnel or near zone is the field closest to the transducer during the formation of the sound beam.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 16	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation	

15.	The higher the transducer frequency, the:
a.	Shorter the wavelength	
b.	Faster the frame rate	
c.	Deeper the penetration depth	
d.	Slower the frame rate	

ANS:	A
The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

PTS:	1	REF:	p. 9	
OBJ:	Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.
TOP:	Sonography principles and instrumentation